Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) can be transmitted in a variety of ways, the most common being direct contact with an infected animal. Once infected, animals become “virus factories,” capable of spreading high numbers of viral particles to other animals and into …
What is the difference between the “higher heating value” (HHV) and “lower heating value” (LHV) of a biomass fuel, and why is the difference important?
We need these two ways of expressing the heating value of fuels because the combustion of some hydrogen-rich fuels releases water that is subsequently evaporated in the combustion chamber. In other words, the process of evaporating water “soaks up” some …
How can I prevent leaching of nitrate into groundwater from manure applications?
Nitrate contamination of groundwater occurs when excess nitrate in the soil profile moves along with water that is moving down past the root zone of the crop. In most cases, it is not possible to keep water from moving past …
What is a breech birth, and what causes it?
During parturition, a breech birth describes fetal presentation. Breech birth is characterized with a calf presenting butt first with no front or hind limbs entering the birth canal. The tail and hindquarters of the calf can be palpated via the …